Ours grizzli (Ursus arctos) évaluation et rapport de situation du COSEPAC : chapitre 12

12. Remerciements et 13. Ouvrages cités

12. Remerciements

Le Service canadien de la faune d’Environnement Canada a financé le présent rapport. La détermination et la description de l’unité démographique des Selkirk Sud sont le fruit des travaux de recherche de Michael Proctor. Je lui suis reconnaissant de son dur labeur et de ses patientes explications. Mes remerciements vont aussi à Tony Hamilton et à Bruce McLellan, à qui on doit la description des autres populations isolées de Colombie-Britannique. Je remercie enfin Marco Festa-Bianchet et les membres du Sous-comité de spécialistes des mammifères terrestres pour le grand soin, professionnel et courtois, qu’ils ont apporté à la révision de ce document.


12.1 Autorités consultées et communications personnelles

Les spécialistes suivants ont gracieusement fourni des renseignements, des avis, des opinions et des éclaircissements. L’auteur tient à leur témoigner toute sa gratitude.

Tony Hamilton, British Columbia (B.C.) Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria

Bruce McLellan, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Revelstoke

Matt Austin, B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria

John Thornton, B.C. Ministry of Water, Lands and Air Protection, Victoria

Guy Woods, B.C. Ministry of Water, Lands and Air Protection, Nelson

Harold Carr, ministère du Développement durable des ressources de l’Alberta, Edmonton

Gordon Stenhouse, ministère du Développement durable des ressources de l’Alberta, Hinton

Michael Gibeau, University of Calgary

Michael Proctor, University of Calgary

Stephen Herrero, University of Calgary

David Paetkau, Wildlife Genetics International, Nelson

John Hechtel, ministère des Ressources renouvelables du Yukon, Whitehorse

Barney Smith, ministère des Ressources renouvelables du Yukon, Whitehorse

John Nagy, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Inuvik

Marsha Branigan, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Inuvik

Alasdair Veitch, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Norman Wells

Dean Cluff, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Yellowknife

Robert Mulders, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Yellowknife

Rob Gau, ministère des Ressources, de la Faune et du Développement économique des Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Yellowknife

Andy McMullen, ministère du Développement durable du Nunavut, Kugluktuk

Brent Patterson, ministère du Développement durable du Nunavut, Kugluktuk

Mitch Campbell, ministère du Développement durable du Nunavut, Arviat

Mitch Taylor, ministère du Développement durable du Nunavut, Iqaluit

Philip McLoughlin, University of Alberta, Edmonton

Dave Poll, Parcs Canada, Calgary

Sterling Miller, National Wildlife Federation, Missoula, Montana

Wes Bradford, Parcs Canada, parc national Jasper

Rob Watt, Parcs Canada, parc national des Lacs-Waterton

Dave Poll, Parcs Canada, Région de l’Ouest

Wayne Kasworm, United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Libby, Montana

Wayne Wakkinen, Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Bonners Ferry

David Mattson, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff

Kimberly Romain, Washington State University, Pullman

13. Ouvrages cités

Adams, L.G., F.J. Singer et B.W. Dale. 1995. Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:584-594.

Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB). 1999. Alberta’s energy resources: 1998 in review. Série de documents statistiques de l’EUB de l’Alberta, 99-40. 13 p.

Alberta Environmental Protection.1997. Bears in Alberta: their characteristics, history, behaviour and management. Natural Resources Service. Publ. no I/646. Edmonton.

Allendorf, F.W., et C. Servheen. 1986. Genetics and the conservation of grizzly bears. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1:88-89.

Archibald, W.R., R. Ellis et A.N. Hamilton. 1987. Responses of grizzly bears to logging truck traffic in the Kimsquit River valley, British-Columbia. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:251-257.

Aune, K., et W. Kasworm. 1989. Final report East Front grizzly bears study. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Helena, Montana (MT). 332 p.

Aune, K.E., R.D. Mace et D.W. Carney.1994. The reproductive biology of female grizzly bears in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem with supplemental data from the Yellowstone Ecosystem. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:451-458.

Aune, K., M. Madel et C. Hunt. 1986. Rocky Mountain Front grizzly bears monitoring and investigation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, and Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 175 p.

Bader, M. 1989. Habituation in Yellowstone’s grizzly bears: a special problem in wildlife management. Western Wildlands 25:29.

Ballard, W.B., J.S. Whitman et D.J. Reed. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in south-central Alaska. Wildlife Monographs 114. 49 p.

Banci, V. 1991. Updated status report on the grizzly bears Ursus arctos horribilis in Canada. Rapport inédit remis au Comité sur le statut des espèces menacées de disparition au Canada (COSEMDC). 171 p.

Banfield, A.W.F. 1974. Les mammifères du Canada. Les Presses de l’université Laval et University of Toronto Press. 406 p.

Bath, A.J. 1989. Public attitudes towards bears: implications to the management of black and grizzly bears in the Yukon. Rapport présenté à la Yukon Renewable Resources, Fish and Wildlife Branch par Bath Associates, Canyon, Wyoming, USA. 81 p.

BC M.O.E. (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks).2001a. Former assistant guide fined for trafficking in bear gall bladders. Communiqué de presse 330-30:ELP2001-203. 2 mars 2001.

BC M.O.E. (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks).2001b. Moricetown residents convicted of grizzly bears trafficking. Communiqué de presse 330-30:ELP2001-702. 2 mars 2001.

BC M.O.E. (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks).2001c. Three-year moratorium on grizzly hunting announced. Communiqué de presse 330-30:ELP2001-123. 8 février 2001.

BC M.O.F. (Ministry of Forests). 1998a. 1997-98 Annual Report (http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/an_rpts/9798/table_c2d.htm). Consulté en août 2001.

BC M.O.F. ( Ministry of Forests ). 1998b. A framework for managing Forest Service Roads (FSRs). Document de travail no 2. Resource Tenures and Engineering Branch. 32 p.

Benn, B. 1998. Grizzly bears mortality in the Central Rockies Ecosystem, Canada. Thèse. Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary. 151 p + ann.

Bertram, M.R., et M.T. Vivion. 2002. Moose mortality in eastern interior Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:747-756.

BHP. 2000. Environmental Assessment Report for Sable, Pigeon and Beartooth kimberlite pipes. BHP Diamonds Inc. et DiaMet Diamonds Ltd. Yellowknife (Territoires du Nord-Ouest).

Black, L.T. 1998. Bear in human imagination and ritual. Ursus 10:343-347.

Blanchard, B.M., et R.R. Knight. 1991. Movements of Yellowstone grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 58:41-67.

Blanchard, B.M., et R.R. Knight. 1995. Biological consequences of relocating grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:560-565.

Boertje, R.D., W.C. Gasaway, D.V. Grangaard et D.G. Kelleyhouse. 1988. Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2492-2499.

Boulanger, J. 2001. Analysis of the 1999 Foothills grizzly bears DNA mark-recapture data, in G. Stenhouse et R. Munro. 2001. Projet de recherche de la forêt modèle de Foothills sur l’ours grizzli. Rapport annuel 2000. Forêt modèle de Foothills. 92 p.

Boulanger, J., et B.N. McLellan.2001. Closure violation in DNA-based mark-recapture estimation of grizly bear populations.Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:642-651.

Bunnell, F.L., et D.E.N. Tait. 1980. Bears in models and in reality–implications to management. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:15-23.

Camarra, J.J. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in France. Pages 68-72 in C. Servheen, S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. International Union for Conservation of Nature/Species Survival Commission (IUCN/SSC) Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Carr, H.D. 1989. Distribution, numbers, and mortality of grizzly bears in and around Kananaskis Country, Alberta (AB). Wildlife Research Series No. 3. Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton. 49 p.

Carroll, C., P.C. Paquet et R.F. Noss. 1999. Modelling carnivore habitat in the Rocky Mountain region: a literature review and suggested strategy. Fonds mondial pour la nature (Canada). Toronto. 101 p.

Case, R.L., et L. Buckland. 1998. Reproductive characteristics of grizzly bears in the Kugluktuk area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Ursus 10:41-47.

Case, R., et J. Stevenson. 1991. Observation of barren-ground grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, predation on muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus, in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:105-106.

Caughley, G., et A. Gunn. 1996. Conservation biology in theory and practice. Blackwell Science. Oxford. 459 p.

Caughley, G., et A.R.E. Sinclair. 1994. Wildlife ecology and management. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 337 p.

Ciarniello, L.M., J. Paczkowski, D. Heard, I. Ross et D. Seip. 2001. Parsnip grizzly bears population and habitat project. Rapport d’étape 2000. Rédigé pour le compte du B.C. Ministry of Forests et le B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection Prince George. 55 p.

Clarkson, P.L., et I.S. Liepins. 1989. Inuvialuit wildlife studies: grizzly bear research. Progress Rep. 1987-1988. Wildlife Management Advisory Council (NWT) Tech. Report 3. Inuvik.

Clarkson, P.L., et I.S. Liepins.1994. Grizzly bear population estimate and characteristics in the Anderson and Horton Rivers area, Northwest Territories, 1987-89. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:213-221.

Clevenger, A.P., F.J. Purroy, J.N. Cienfuegos et C.N. Quesada. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in eastern and western Cantabria, Spain. Pages 100-110 dans C. Servheen, S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Craighead, J.J., J.S. Sumner et J.A. Mitchell. 1995. The grizzly bears of Yellowstone: their ecology in the Yellowstone ecosystem, 1959-1992. Island Press. Washington, DC.

Craighead, L., D. Paetkau, H.V. Reynolds, E.R. Vyse et C. Strobeck. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of paternity and reproduction in arctic grizzly bears. Journal of Heredity 86:255-261.

Cronin, M.A., S.C. Amstrup, G.W. Garner et E.R. Vyse. 1991. Interspecific and intraspecific mitochondrial DNA variation in North American bears (Ursus). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2985-2992.

Diavik. 1998. Diavik Diamonds Project, Environmental Assessment Submission. Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. Yellowknife (Territoires du Nord-Ouest).

Doak, D.F. 1995. Source-sink models and the problem of habitat degradation: general models and applications to the Yellowstone grizzly. Conservation Biology 9:1370-1379.

ESGBP (Eastern Slopes Grizzly bear Project). 1998. Grizzly bear population and habitat status in Kananaskis Country, Alberta: a report to the Department of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources Service, Alberta. Eastern Slopes Grizzly bear Project, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta.

Elton, C.S. 1954. Further evidence about the barren-ground grizzly bear in northeast Labrador. Journal of Mammalogy 35:345-356.

Ferguson, S.H., et P.D. McLoughlin. 2000. Effect of energy availability, seasonality, and geographic range on brown bear life history. Ecography 23:193-200.

Festa-Bianchet, M., M. Urquhart et K.G. Smith. 1994. Mountain goat recruitment: kid production and survival to breeding age. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72:22-27.

Fuhr, B.L., et D.A. Demarchi. 1990. A methodology for grizzly bear habitat assessment in British-Columbia. Wildlife Bulletin B-67. Wildlife Branch, ministère de l’Environnement. Victoria. 28 p.

Garshelis, D., M. Gibeau et S. Herrero.2001. Preliminary demographic analysis of Eastern Slopes grizzly bears through Year 2000. Appendix I in S. Herrero. 2001. A brief summary of the status of the Eastern Slopes Grizzly bear Project. University of Calgary. 9 p.

Gau, R.J. 1998. Food habits, body condition, and habitat of the barren-ground grizzly bear. Thèse. University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. 77 p.

Gau, R.J., R. Case, D.F. Penner et P.D. McLoughlin.2002. Feeding patterns of barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Canadian Arctic. Arctic 55(4) : sous presse.

Gau, R.J., et A. Veitch. 1999. Population estimate of grizzly bears inhabiting the NWT, 1999. Document d’analyse (révisé) rédigé pour le compte du Dept. Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development, gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest. Yellowknife.

Gibeau, M.L. 1998. Grizzly bear habitat effectiveness model for Banff, Yoho, and Kootenay National Parks, Canada. Ursus 10:235-241.

Gibeau, M.L. 2000. A conservation biology approach to management of grizzly bears in Banff National Park, Alberta. Thèse de doctorat. University of Calgary. 129 p.

Gibeau, M.L., A.P. Clevenger, S. Hererro et J. Wierzchowski.2002. Grizzly bear response to human development and activities in the Bow River Watershed, Alberta. Biological Conservation 103:227-236.

Gibeau, M.L., et S. Herrero. 1997. Eastern Slopes grizzly bear project: a progress report for 1996. University of Calgary. 18 p+ann.

Gibeau, M.L., S. Herrero, J.L. Kansas et B. Benn. 1996. Grizzly bear population and habitat status in Banff National Park: a report to the Banff Bow Valley Task Force by the Eastern Slopes Grizzly bear Project. University of Calgary (Alberta). 62 p.

Gibeau, M.L., S. Herrero, B.N. McLellan et J.G. Woods.2001. Managing for grizzly bear security areas in Banff National Park and the central Canadian Rocky Mountains. Ursus 12:121-129.

Gibeau, M.L., et K. Heuer. 1996. Effects of transportation corridors on large carnivores in the Bow River Valley, Alberta, in G.L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler et J. Berry (éd.). Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality: Proceedings of the Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar; 30 avril 1996; Orlando, Floride. État de Floride, Dept. of Transportation, Environmental Management Office, Tallahassee, Floride (FL).

Gunn, A., et F.L. Miller. 1982. Muskox bull killed by a barren-ground grizzly bear, Thelon Game Sanctuary, N.W.T. Arctic 35:545-546.

Gunson, J.R. 1995. Analysis of grizzly bear mortalities in Alberta during 1972-1994. Occasional Paper No. 16, Wildlife Management Division, Natural Resources Service, Alberta Environmental Protection, Edmonton. 101 p.

Hall, E.R. 1984. Geographic variation among brown and grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in North America. Special Publication 13. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Hamer, D., et S. Herrero. 1987. Grizzly bear food and habitat in the front ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. 1987. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:199-213.

Hamer, D., et S. Herrero. 1991. Elk, Cervus elaphus, calves as food for grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, in Banff National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:101-103.

Hamer, D., S. Herrero et K. Brady. 1991. Food and habitat used by grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, along the Continental Divide in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 105:325-329.

Hamilton, A.N., et F.L. Bunnell. 1987. Foraging strategies of coastal grizzly bears in the Kimsquit River valley, British-Columbia. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:187-197.

Harding, L., et J.A. Nagy. 1980. Responses of grizzly bears to hydrocarbon exploration on Richards Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 4:277-280.

Harris, R.B., et L.H. Metzgar. 1987. Harvest age structures as indicators of decline in small populations of grizzly bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:109-116.

Hartl, D.L., et A.G. Clark. 1997. Principles of Population Genetics, Third Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland. 542 p.

Hellgren, E.C. 1998. Physiology of hibernation in bears. Ursus10:467-477.

Herrero, S., et J. Herrero. 1996. Cheviot Mine Project: specific and cumulative environmental effects analysis for mammalian carnivores. Rapport rédigé à l’intention de Cardinal River Coals Ltd. par BIOS Environmental Research and Planning Associates Ltd. Calgary (Alberta). 122 p.

Herrero, S., P.S. Miller et U.S. Seal (éd.) 2000. Population and habitat viability assessment for the grizzly bear of the Central Rockies Ecosystem. Eastern Slopes Grizzly bear Project, University of Calgary, AB, et Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota (MN), É.-U. 92 p.

Herrero, S., J. Roulet et M.L. Gibeau.2001. Banff National Park: science and policy in grizzly bear management. Ursus 12:161-168.

Hilderbrand, G.V., T.A. Hanley, C.T. Robbins et C.C. Schwartz. 1999c. Role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the flow of marine nitrogen into a terrestrial ecosystem. Oecologia 121:546-550.

Hilderbrand, G.V., S.G. Jenkins, C.C. Schwartz, T.A. Hanley et C.T. Robbins. 1999b. Effect of seasonal differences in dietary meat intake on changes in body mass and composition in wild and captive brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1623-1630.

Hilderbrand, G.V., C.C. Schwartz, C.T. Robbins et T.A. Hanley. 2000. Effect of hibernation and reproductive status on body mass and condition of coastal brown bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:178-183.

Hilderbrand, G.V., C.C. Schwartz, C.T. Robbins, M.E. Jacoby, T.A. Hanley, S.M. Arthur et C. Servheen. 1999a. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:132-138.

Horejsi, B.L. 1989. Uncontrolled land-use threatens an international grizzly bear population. Conservation Biology 3:220-223.

Hovey, F.W., et B.N. McLellan. 1996. Estimating population growth of grizzly bears from the Flathead River drainage using computer simulations of reproduction and survival rates. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74:1409-1416.

Hunt, C. 2000. Bear shepherding to reduce human-bear conflict: the Partners in Life Program. International Bear News 9(2):14-17.

Jonkel, C.J. 1987. Brown bear. Pages 457-473 in M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard et B. Malloch (éd.). Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay.

Kaczensky, P., F. Knauer, T. Huber, M. Jonosovic et M. Adamic. 1994. The Ljubljana-Postojna highway – a deadly barrier for brown bears in Slovenia? In A Coexistence of Large Predators and Man. Colloque. Pologne.

Kansas, J.L. 2002. Status of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, et Alberta Conservation Association. Wildlife Status Report No. 37. Edmonton. 43 p.

Kasworm, W.F., et T.L. Manley. 1990. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in northwest Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:79-84.

Kellert, S.R. 1994. Public attitudes toward bears and their conservation. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:43-50.

Knick, S.T., et W. Kasworm. 1989. Shooting mortality in small populations of grizzly bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:11-15.

Kurtén, B. 1973. Transberingian relationships of Ursus arctos Linne (brown and grizzly bears). Commentation Biology 65:1-10.

Lacy, R.C. 1987. Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations: interacting effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision. Conservation Biology 1:143-158.

Laikre, L., R. Andren, H.-O. Larsson et N. Ryman. Inbreeding depression in brown bear Ursus arctos. Biological Conservation 76:69-72.

Larsen, D.G., D.A. Gauthier et R.L. Markel.1989. Causes and rate of moose mortality in the southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:548-557.

LeFranc, M.N. Jr., M.B. Moss, K.A. Patnode et W.C. Sugg, III (éd.). 1987. Grizzly bear compendium. Interagency Grizzly bear Committee, Washington, District of Columbia.

Linnell, J.D.C., J.E. Swenson, R. Andersen et B. Barnes. 2000. How vulnerable are denning bears to disturbance? Wildlife Society Bulletin 28:400-413.

Mace, R.D., S.C. Minta, T.L. Manley et K.E. Aune. 1994. Estimating grizzly bear population size using camera sightings. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22:74-83.

Mace, R.D., et J.S. Waller. 1996. Grizzly bear distribution and human conflicts within Jewel Basin hiking area, Swan Mountains, Montana. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:461-467.

Mace, R.D., et J.S. Waller. 1998. Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Conservation Biology 12:1005-1016.

Mace, R.D., J.S. Waller, T.L. Manley, L.J. Lyon et H. Zuuring. 1996. Relationships among grizzly bears, roads, and habitat in the Swan Mountains, Montana. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:1395-1404.

MacHutchon, A.G. 1996. Grizzly bear habitat use study, Ivvavik National Park, Yukon. Rapport final. Unité de gestion de l’Ouest de l’Arctique, Parcs Canada, Inuvik (Nunavut).

MacHutchon, A.G., S. Himmer et C.A. Bryden.1993. Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study. Rapport final. Wildlife Report No. R-25, Wildlife Habitat Research Report No. 31. Ministry of Forests, Victoria (Colombie- Britannique.). 105 p.

Mattson, D.J. 1997. Use of ungulates by Yellowstone grizzly bears. Biological Conservation 81:161-177.

Mattson, D.J. 2001. Myrmecophagy by Yellowstone grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:779-793.

Mattson, D.J., M.G. French et S.P. French. Sous presse. Consumption of earthworms by Yellowstone grizzly bears. Ursus.

Mattson, D.J., C.M. Gillin, C.M. Benson et R.R. Knight. 1991. Bear feeding activity at alpine insect aggregation sites in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2430-2435.

Mattson, D.J., S. Herrero, R.G. Wright et C.M. Pease.1996. Designing and managing protected areas for grizzly bears: how much is enough? Pages 133-164 in R.G. Wright (éd.) National Parks and protected areas: their role in environmental protection. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Mattson, D.J., K.C. Kendall et D.P. Reinhart. 2001. Whitebark pine, grizzly bears, and red squirrels. Pages 121-136 in D.F. Tomback, S.F. Arno et R.E. Keane (éd.). Whitebark pine communities: ecology and restoration. Island Press, Washington, District of Columbia.

Mattson, D.J., R.R. Knight et B.M. Blanchard. 1987. The effects of developments and primary roads on grizzly bear habitat use in Yellowstone National Park. International Conference on Bear Research and Management
7:259-273.

McCullough, D.R. 1982. Behavior, bears, and humans. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:27-33.

McLellan, B.N. 1989a. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. I. Density and age-sex composition. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1856-1860.

McLellan, B.N. 1989b. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. II. Mortality rates and causes of death. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1861-1864.

McLellan, B.N. 1989c. Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. III. Natality and rate of increase. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67:1865-1868.

McLellan, B.N. 1990. Relationships between human industrial activity and grizzly bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:57-64.

McLellan, B. 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of brown bears. Pages 15-25, in M. Taylor (éd.). Density-dependent population regulation in black, brown, and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monographie no 3. 43 p.

McLellan, B.N. 1998. Maintaining viability of brown bears along the southern fringe of their distribution. Ursus 10:607-611.

McLellan, B., et V. Banci. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in Canada. Pages 46-50, in C. Servheen, S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

McLellan, B.N., et F.W. Hovey. 1995. The diet of grizzly bears in the Flathead River drainage of southeastern British-Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:704-712.

McLellan, B.N., et F.W. Hovey. 2001a. Habitats selected by grizzly bears in a multiple use landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:92-99.

McLellan, B.N., et F.W. Hovey. 2001b. Natal dispersal of grizzly bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:838-844.

McLellan, B.N., F.W. Hovey, R.D. Mace, J.G. Woods, D.W. Carney, M.L. Gibeau, W.L. Wakkinen et W.F. Kasworm. 1999. Rates and causes of grizzly bear mortality in the interior mountains of British-Columbia, Alberta, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:911-920.

McLellan, B.N., et D.M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography. Journal of Applied Ecology 25:451-460.

McLellan, B.N., et D.M. Shackleton. 1989. Immediate reactions of grizzly bears to human activities. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17:269-274.

McLoughlin, P.D., R.L. Case, R.J. Gau, S.H. Ferguson et F. Messier. 1999. Annual and seasonal movement patterns of barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Northwest Territories. Ursus 11:79-86.

McLoughlin, P.D., et S.H. Ferguson. 2000. A hierarchical pattern of limiting factors helps explain variation in home range size. Ecoscience 7:123-130.

McLoughlin, P.D., R.L. Case, R.J. Gau, H.D. Cluff, R. Mulders et F. Messier. 2002a. Hierarchical habitat selection by barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Canadian Arctic. Oecologia 132:102-108.

McLoughlin, P.D., H.D. Cluff et F. Messier. 2002b. Denning ecology of barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Arctic. Journal of Mammalogy 83:188–198.

McLoughlin, P.D., H.D. Cluff, R.J. Gau, R. Mulders, R.L. Case et F. Messier. Sous presse. Population delineation of barren-ground grizzly bears in the central Canadian arctic. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30.

Merriam, C.H. 1918. Review of the grizzly and big brown bears of North America (genus Ursus) with the description of a new genus, Vetularctos. North American Fauna 41:1-136.

Merriam, C.H. 1922. The grizzly bear. Outdoor Life Magazine. Décembre. Cité dans Servheen (1990).

Merrill, T., D.J. Mattson, R.G. Wright et H.B. Quigley. 1999. Defining landscapes suitable for restoration of grizzly bears Ursus arctos in Idaho. Biological Conservation 87:231-248.

Miller, S.D. 1990a. Impact of increased bear hunting on survivorship of young bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 18:462-467.

Miller, S.D. 1990b. Population management of bears in North America. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:357-373.

Miller, S.D. 1995. Impacts of heavy hunting pressure on the density and demographics of brown bear populations in southcentral Alaska. Federal Aid in Restoration Research Project Report. Étude W.26. Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau. 28 p.

Miller, S.D., et W.B. Ballard. 1982. Homing of transplanted Alaskan brown bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 46:869-876.

Miller, S.D., E.F. Becker et W.B. Ballard. 1987. Black and brown bear density estimates using modified capture-recapture techniques in Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7:23-35.

Miller, S.D., G.C. White, R.A. Sellers, H.V. Reynolds, J.W. Schoen, K. Titus, V.G. Barnes, Jr., R.B. Smith, R.R. Nelson, W.B. Ballard et C.C. Schwartz. 1997. Brown and black bear density estimation in Alaska using radiotelemetry and replicated mark-resight techniques. Wildlife Monographs 133. 55 p.

Miller, S.J., N. Barichello et D. Tait. 1982. The grizzly bears of the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. N.W.T. Wildlife Service. Completion Report No. 3. Yellowknife. 118 p.

Miller, S.M., S.D. Miller et D.W. McCollum.1998. Attitudes toward and relative value of Alaskan brown and black bears to resident voters, resident hunters, and nonresident hunters. Ursus 10:357-376.

Mills, L.S., S.G. Hayes, C. Baldwin, M.J. Wisdom, J. Citta, D.J. Mattson et K. Murphy. 1996. Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set. Conservation Biology 10:863-873.

Moritz, C. 1994. Defining “evolutionary significant units” for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:373-375.

Mowat, G., et C. Strobeck. 2000. Estimating population size of grizzly bears using hair capture, DNA profiling, and mark-recapture analysis. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:183-193.

Munro, R.H. 1999. The impacts of transportation corridors on grizzly and black bear habitat use patterns near Golden, B.C. Mémoire de maîtrise. University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 57 p.

Murphy, K.M., G.S. Felzien, M.G. Hornocker et T.K. Ruth. 1998. Encounter competition between bears and cougars: some ecological implications. Ursus 10:55-60.

Nagy, J.A., et M. Branigan. 1998. Co-management plan for grizzly bears in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. Conseil consultatif de la gestion de la faune, versant nord et Territoires du Nord-Ouest, Inuvik.63 p.

Nagy, J.A., et J.R. Gunson. 1990. Management plan for grizzly bears in Alberta. Wildlife Management Planning Series No. 2. Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton. 164 p.

Nagy, J.A., et M.A. Haroldson. 1990. Comparisons of some home range and population parameters among four grizzly bear populations in Canada. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:227-235.

Nagy, J.A., A.W.L. Hawley, M.W. Barrett et J.W. Nolan. 1989. Population characteristics of grizzly bears and black bears in west central Alberta. AEC Report V88-R1. Alberta Environmental Centre, Vegreville, AB. 33 p.

Nagy, J.A.. et R.H. Russell. 1978. Ecological studies of the boreal forest grizzly bear (Ursus arctos L.). Rapport annuel de 1977. Service canadien de la faune, Edmonton. 72 p.

Nagy, J.A., R.H. Russell, A.M. Pearson, M.C.S. Kingsley et B.C. Goski. 1983b. Ecological studies of grizzly bears in the Arctic Mountains, Northern Yukon Territory, 1972 to 1975. Service canadien de la faune, Edmonton. 102 p.

Nagy, J.A., R.H. Russell, A.M. Pearson, M.C.S. Kingsley et C.B. Larson. 1983a. A study of grizzly bears on the barren-grounds of Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and Richards Island, Northwest Territories, 1974 to 1978. Service canadien de la faune, Edmonton. 136 p.

NCGBRT (Équipe de rétablissement de l’ours grizzli des North Cascades). 2001. Recovery plan for grizzly bears in the North Cascades of British-Columbia. Projet de recommandation consensuelle soumis à une consultation. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria.

Nei, M., et A.K. Roychoudury. 1974. Sampling variances of heterozygosity and genetic distance. Genetics 76:379-390.

Osti, F. 1999. Status and management of the brown bear in Italy (Trentino). Pages 84-86 in C. Servheen, S. Herrero, and B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Paetkau, D. 1999. Using genetics to identify intraspecific conservation units: a critique of current methods. Conservation Biology 13:1507-1509.

Paetkau, D., W. Calvert, I. Stirling et C. Strobeck. 1995. Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology 3:489-495.

Paetkau, D.H., L.P. Waits, P.L. Clarkson, L. Craighead et C Strobeck. 1997. An empirical evaluation of genetic distance statistics using microsatellite data from bear (Ursidae) populations. Genetics 147:1943-1957.

Paetkau, D.H., G. F. Shields et C. Strobeck. 1998a. Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska. Molecular Ecology 7:1283-1292.

Paetkau, D., L.P. Waits, P.L. Clarkson, L. Craighead, E. Vyse, R. Ward et C. Strobeck. 1998b. Variation in genetic diversity across the range of North American brown bears. Conservation Biology 12:418-429.

Paetkau, D.H., S. Amstrup, E. Born, W. Calvert, A. Derocher, G. Garner, F. Messier, I. Stirling, M. Taylor, O. Wigg et C. Strobeck. 1999. Genetic structure of the world’s polar bear populations. Molecular Ecology 8:1571-1584.

Paquet, P., et A. Hackman. 1995. Large carnivore conservation in the Rocky Mountains: a long-term strategy for maintaining free-ranging and self-sustaining populations of carnivores. Fonds mondial pour la nature (Canada), Toronto. 52 p.

Pasitschniak-Arts, M. 1993. Ursus arctos. Mammalian Species 439:1-10.

Pasitschniak-Arts, M., et F. Messier.2000. Brown (grizzly) and polar bears. Pages 409-428, in S. Demarais et P.R. Krausman (éd.). Ecology and management of large mammals in North America. Prentice-Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Pearson, A.M. 1975. The northern interior grizzly bear Ursus arctos L. Série de rapports no 34 du Service canadien de la faune. Ottawa.

Penner and Associates. 1998. Wildlife baseline studies, Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. Project, Lac de Gras, Northwest Territories. Sherwood Park, Alberta. Cité dans Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. Environmental Effects Report, Wildlife. Soumission de l’évaluation environnementale.

Peterson, R.L. 1965. A well-preserved grizzly bear skull recovered from a late glacial deposit near Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Nature 208:1233-1234.

Poole, K.G., G. Mowat et D.A. Fear. 2001. DNA-based population estimate for grizzly bears in northeastern British-Columbia, Canada. Wildlife Biology 7:105-115.

Proctor. M.F., B.N. McLellan et C. Strobeck. Sous presse. Population fragmentation of grizzly bears in southeastern British-Columbia, Canada. Ursus.

Province of British Columbia. 1995. Conservation of grizzly bears in British-Columbia: background report. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks , Victoria. 70 p.

Province of British Columbia. 1999. Grizzly bear harvest management policy. Procedure Manual 4(7:04.04). B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria. 8 p.

Rausch, R.L. 1963. Geographic variation in size of North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Canadian Journal of Zoology 41:33-45.

Reynolds, H.V., III. 1999. Effects of harvest on grizzly bear population dynamics in the northcentral Alaska Range. Federal Aid in Restoration Research Project Report, Study 4.28. Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau. 41 p.

Riley, S.J., K. Aune, R.D. Mace et M.J. Madel. 1994. Translocation of nuisance grizzly bears in northwestern Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:567-573.

RNC (Ressources naturelles Canada). 1998. Abrégé de statistiques forestières canadiennes. Ottawa.

Rockwell, D. 1991. Giving voice to bear: North American Indian rituals, myths, and images of the bear. Roberts Reinhart Publications. Niwot, Colorado, É.-U. 224 p.

Rode, K.D., et C.T. Robbins. 2000. Why bears consume mixed diets during fruit abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:1640-1645.

Ross, P.I., G.E. Hornbeck et B.L. Horejsi. 1988. Late denning black bears killed by grizzly bear. Journal of Mammalogy. 69:818-820.

Ruediger, B. 1996. The relationship between rare carnivores and roads. In G.L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and J. Berry (éd.). Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality: Proceedings of the Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality Seminar; 30 avril 1996; Orlando, Floride. État de Floride, Dept. of Transportation, Environmental Management Office, Tallahassee, Florida.

RWED (Resources, Wildlife and Economic Development). 2000. NWT Species 2000. General Status Ranks of Wild Species in the Northwest Territories. Gouvernement des Territoires du Nord-Ouest (GTNO), RFSDE, Yellowknife (Territoires du Nord-Ouest) 50 p.

Ryder, O.A. 1986. Species conservation and systematics: the dilemma of subspecies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 1:9-10.

Schirokauer, D.W., et H.M. Boyd. 1998. Bear-human conflict management in Denali National Park and Preserve, 1982-94. Ursus 10:395-403.

Schoen, J.W., J.W. Lentfer et L. Beier.1986. Differential distribution of brown bears on Admiralty Island, southeast Alaska: a preliminary assessment. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 6:1-5.

Schwartz, C.C., S.D. Miller et M.A. Haroldson. Sous presse. Grizzly/brown bear. In Wild Mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore, Maryland.

Servheen, C. 1990. The status and conservation of the bears of the world. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monographie no 2. 32 p.

Servheen, C. 1999a. Status and management of the grizzly bear in the lower 48 United States. Pages 50-,n C. Servheen, S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Servheen, C. 1999b. The trade in bears and bear parts. Pages 33-38 in C. Servheen, S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Servheen, C., S. Herrero et B. Peyton, compilateurs. 1999. Bears. Status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups. UICN, Gland (Suisse) et Cambridge (R.-U.).

Servheen, C., et R.R. Knight. 1993. Possible effects of a restored gray wolf population on grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone area. Pages 28-37 in R.S. Cook (éd.). Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Scientific Monograph NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Parks Service, Denver, Colorado.

Shepard, P., et B. Sanders. 1986. The sacred paw: the bear in nature, myth and literature. Viking Penguin Press, Inc. New York, New York, É.-U. 244 p.

Smith, B.L. 1990. Sex weighted point system regulates grizzly bear harvest. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:375-383.

Speiss, A. 1976. Labrador grizzly (Ursus arctos L.): first skeletal evidence. Journal of Mammalogy 57:787-790.

Speiss, A., et S. Cox. 1977. Discovery of the skull of a grizzly bear in Labrador. Arctic 30:194-200.

Stenhouse, G., et R. Munro. 2001. Foothills Model Forest Grizzly bear Research Project. Rapport annuel 2000. Forêt modèle de Foothills. 92 p.

Swenson, J.E., F. Sandegren, S. Brunberg et P. Wabakken. 1997. Winter den abandonment by brown bears Ursus arctos: causes and consequences. Wildlife Biology 3:35-38.

Swenson, J.E., F. Sandegren, A. Soderberg, A. Bjarvall, R. Franzen et P. Wabakken. 1997. Infanticide caused by hunting of male bears. Nature 386:450-451.

Swenson, J.E., F. Sandegren, S. Brunberg et P. Segerstrom. 2001. Factors associated with loss of brown bear cubs in Sweden. Ursus 12:69-80.

Tardiff, S.E., et J.A. Stanford. 1998. Grizzly bear digging: effects on subalpine meadow plants in relation to mineral nitrogen availability. Ecology 79:2219-2228.

Taylor, M. (éd.). 1994. Density-dependent population regulation of black, brown, and polar bears. International Conference on Bear Research and Management. Monographie no 3. 43 p.

Titus, K., et L.R. Beier. 1992. Population and habitat ecology of brown bears on Admiralty and Chichagof Islands. Federal Aid in Restoration Research Project Report W-23-4. Division of Wildlife Conservation, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) For. Serv. 1990. CEM–A model for assessing effects on grizzly bears. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Missoula, MT. 24p.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1993. Grizzly bear recovery plan. Missoula, MT. 181 p.

Van Daele, L.J., V.G. Barnes, Jr. et R.B. Smith. 1990. Denning characteristics of brown bears on Kodiak Island, Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:257-267.

Veitch, A.M., et.H. Harrington. 1996. Brown bears, black bears, and humans in northern Labrador: an historical perspective and outlook to the future. Journal of Wildlife Research 1:245-250.

Vroom, G.W., S. Herrero et R.T. Ogilvie. 1980. The ecology of winter den sites of grizzly bears in Banff National Park, Alberta. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 3:321-330.

Waits, L.P., S.L. Talbot, R.H. Ward et G.F. Shields. 1998. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the North American brown bear and implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 12:408-417.

Waser, P.M., et C. Strobeck. 1999. Genetic signatures of interpopulation dispersal. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:43-44.

Weaver, J.L., P.C. Paquet et L.F. Ruggiero. 1996. Resilience and conservation of large carnivores in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10:964-976.

Wielgus, R.B., et F.L. Bunnell. 1994. Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear Ursus arctos population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation 67:161-166.

Wielgus, R.B., et F.L. Bunnell. 1995. Tests of hypotheses of sexual segregation in grizzly bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:552-560.

Wielgus, R.B., et F.L. Bunnell. 2000. Possible negative effects of adult male mortality on female grizzly bear reproduction. Biological Conservation 93:145-154.

Wielgus, R.B., F.L. Bunnell, W.L. Wakkinen et P.E. Zager. 1994. Population dynamics of Selkirk Mountain grizzly bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 58:266-272.

Wiken, E. 1986. Écozones terrestres du Canada. Série de la classification écologique du territoire no 19. Direction générale des terres, Environnement Canada. 28 p. + carte.

Willson, M.F. 1993. Mammals as seed-dispersal mutualists in North America. Oikos 67:159-176.

Woodroffe, R. 2000. Predators and people: using human densities to interpret declines of large carnivores. Animal Conservation 3:165-173.

Woods, J.G., B.N. McLellan, D. Paetkau, M. Proctor et C. Strobeck. 1997. West slopes bear research project. Deuxième rapport d’étape. Parcs Canada, Revelstoke (Colombie-Britannique.).

Woods, J.G., D. Paetkau, D. Lewis, B.N. McLellan, M. Proctor et C. Strobeck. 1999. Genetic tagging of free-ranging black and brown bears. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:616-627.

Yukon Department of Renewable Resources (MRR). 1997. Grizzly bear management guidelines. Rapport provisoire. Bear Management Team, Whitehorse. 11 p.

Détails de la page

Date de modification :